IPLab:Lab 12:Thoracic Mesothelioma

Clinical Summary

This 61-year-old white male had a known history of asbestos exposure when in his twenties he had worked on a construction crew installing insulation in public buildings. The patient had a 40 pack-year history of smoking and a history of coronary artery disease requiring a coronary artery bypass graft ten years prior to his final admission. Two years prior to this admission, an open lung biopsy showed the patient to have a thoracic mesothelioma for which he was treated with radiation therapy. The patient was then placed on steroidal and nonsteroidal pain medications and a nerve block was performed to help alleviate the discomfort. On final admission, the patient complained of shortness of breath, orthopnea, and pedal edema. Physical examination revealed mild respiratory distress on nasal oxygen, a dull left hemothorax, and right basal bronchial breath sounds with scattered rales. Chest x-ray demonstrated a left hemothorax opacity, small right pleural effusions, and pleural plaques. The patient subsequently developed atrial fibrillation and immediately prior to his death he suffered a stroke.

Autopsy Findings

Tumor plaque covered 100% of the left lung, 50% of the right lung, and extended into the thoracic wall, the diaphragm, and the heart. No evidence of tumor metastases was found outside the thoracic cavity. The brain showed acute hypoxic injury of the hippocampus although no thrombus was found.

Images

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  This is a gross photograph of the lungs removed at autopsy. There is thickening of the pleural surface due to the tumor (arrows). The apical portion of the left lobe of the lung was ripped while trying to sever the adhesions between the lung and the chest wall.

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  This is a gross photograph of cut sections of the lungs. The right lung is congested. The left lung is shrunken and filled with tumor. There is a thick layer of tumor along the inferior portion of the lung (arrow).

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  This is a gross photograph of the thoracic surface of the diaphragm demonstrating the distinctive fibrocalcific plaque (arrows) produced by mesothelioma and multiple smaller plaques over the pleural surface of the diaphragm.

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  This is a low-power photomicrograph of a section of the left lung. At this magnification you can see areas of consolidation (arrows), especially around blood vessels.

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  This higher-power photomicrograph of left lung shows areas of consolidation and fibrosis (arrows). Also note that in many of these areas there are clusters of blue cells.

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  In this higher-power photomicrograph the clusters of tumor cells (arrows) can be appreciated.

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  In this higher-power photomicrograph there is a blood vessel (1) and adjacent lymphatics that contain tumor cells (2). There are also accumulations of brown material adjacent to these vessels.

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  This high-power photomicrograph shows brown asbestos bodies (1), accumulations of anthracotic pigment (2), and tumor cells (3) all adjacent to a blood vessel (4).

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  This is a high-power photomicrograph of the brown asbestos bodies showing the characteristic beaded appearance (arrows).

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  Another high-power photomicrograph of the brown asbestos bodies showing the characteristic beaded appearance (arrows). Tumor cells are evident adjacent to the asbestos bodies.

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  Scanning electron micrograph of asbestos bodies. Note the rough surface and the beaded appearance caused by the material adhering to the surface of the asbestos fiber.

Study Questions

• What is the significance of the patient's history of asbestos exposure in this case?

Asbestos has been identified as a risk factor for developing:

1. localized fibrous plaques or, rarely, diffuse pleural fibrosis;
2. pleural effusions;
3. parenchymal interstitial fibrosis (asbestosis);
4. bronchogenic carcinoma;
5. mesotheliomas; and
6. laryngeal and perhaps other extrapulmonary neoplasms, including colon carcinomas.

• What is the most common tumor produced by asbestos and what is the significance of both asbestos expose and smoking?

Bronchiogenic carcinoma is the most common tumor associated with asbestos (five times increased risk after asbestos exposure). However, the risk for developing mesothelioma (which is normally an extremely rare tumor) increases by 1,000-fold after asbestos exposure.Concentration, size, shape, and solubility of the different forms of asbestos dictate whether disease will occur.

• What type of asbestos fiber is most harmful?

There are two distinct geometric forms of asbestos:

• serpentine (curly and flexible fibers), and
• amphibole (straight, stiff, and brittle fibers).

The serpentine chrysotile chemical form accounts for most of the asbestos used in industry.

Amphiboles, though less prevalent, are more pathogenic than chrysotiles, particularly with respect to induction of malignant pleural tumors (mesotheliomas). Indeed, some studies of mesotheliomas have shown the link is almost always to amphibole exposure.

• What are asbestos bodies?

Asbestos bodies appear as golden-brown, fusiform or beaded rods with a translucent center. They are composed of an asbestos fiber coated with an iron-containing proteinaceous material. They arise when macrophages attempt to phagocytose asbestos fibers; the iron (ferritin) binds to the fiber within the phagocyte. Other inorganic particles may also be incorporated onto the asbestos fiber along with the ferritin.