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→Autopsy Findings
== Clinical Summary ==
This 47-year-old woman diagnosed with metastatic carcinoma of the breast was also found to have severe hypercalcemia. She developed metastatic calcification which was most prominent in the kidneys and lungs. The patient was provided hospice care and died of respiratory failure.
== Images ==
File:IPLab2Calcification7.jpg|A closer view of this same aortic valve (arrow) illustrates the nodularity and thickening of this valve. This valve would be extremely stiff and almost entirely immobile. This particular example of dystrophic calcification is associated with a degenerative change of the aortic valve due to an unknown cause.
File:IPLab2Calcification8.jpg|This gross photograph affords a closer view of the same aortic valve. Note the nodularity and thickening of this valve due to fibrosis and dystrophic calcification.
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== Virtual Microscopy ==
=== Lung: Metastatic Calcification ===
<peir-vm>IPLab2Calcification</peir-vm>
=== Normal Lung ===
<peir-vm>UAB-Histology-00107</peir-vm>
== Study Questions ==* <spoiler text="Contrast metastatic calcification and dystrophic calcification.">Dystrophic calcification occurs in necrotic tissue with normal serum calcium levels; metastatic calcification occurs in normal tissue and requires elevated serum calcium levels.</galleryspoiler>* <spoiler text="What are some causes of hypercalcemia?">* Hyperparathyroidism* Vitamin D intoxication* Systemic sarcoidosis* Milk-alkali syndrome* Hyperthyroidism* Addison's disease* Increased bone catabolism* Hypercalcemia of malignancy</spoiler> == Additional Resources ===== Reference ===* [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/240681-overview eMedicine Medical Library: Hypercalcemia]* [http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology_and_obstetrics/breast_disorders/breast_cancer.html Merck Manual: Breast Cancer]* [http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/endocrine_and_metabolic_disorders/electrolyte_disorders/hypercalcemia.html Merck Manual: Hypercalcemia]* [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast National Cancer Institute: Breast Cancer] === Journal Articles ===* Ullmer E, Borer H, Sandoz P, Mayr M, Dalquen P, Solèr M. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11591586 Diffuse pulmonary nodular infiltrates in a renal transplant recipient. Metastatic pulmonary calcification]. ''Chest'' 2001 Oct;120(4):1394-8. === Images ===* [{{SERVER}}/library/index.php?/tags/1450-metastatic_calcification PEIR Digital Library: Metastatic Calcification Images]* [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNGIDX.html WebPath: Pulmonary Pathology]
{{IPLab 2}}
[[Category: IPLab:Lab 2]]