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;diverticula
:A bladder diverticulum is an out-pouching of the bladder wall, usually caused by chronic urethral obstruction.
;prostate-specific antigen
:Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a product of prostate epithelium which is normally emitted in the semen. Normal men have very low levels of PSA circulating in their blood. PSA levels are slightly raised in men who have prostatic hyperplasia but are greatly elevated in men who have prostate cancer (the level increases proportionately to the severity of the cancer). PSA is a useful marker for both localized and metastatic prostate cancer.
;9.7 ng/ml
:A PSA level above 4 ng/ml should lead to suspicion of prostate cancer.
;plasma acid phosphatase
:Plasma acid phosphatase is a useful marker for metastatic prostate cancer but not for localized prostate cancer.
;2 to 4 IU/L
:A normal level should be less than 0.8 IU/L.
;orchiectomy
:An orchiectomy is the surgical removal of a testicle. The growth of a prostatic carcinoma is androgen-dependent. Removal of the testes (hence removal of androgens) can lead to tumor regression--although usually temporary.
;renal failure
:Renal failure is the severe reduction of renal function and often leads to reduced urinary output.
;estrogen therapy
:Since prostatatic carcinomas are androgen-dependent, estrogen therapy helps to reduce output of testosterone thereby slowing tumor progression.
;hydronephrosis
:Hydronephrosis is dilation of the renal pelvis and atrophy of the cortex due to increase pressure from retained urine.
;nephrostomies
:A nephrostomy is the creation of a permanent opening directly into the renal pelvis to allow the drainage of urine.
