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File:IPLab8HBV10.jpg|This high-power photomicrograph of the previous section shows the HBcAg positive nuclei (arrows).
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== Study Questions ==
* <spoiler text="What sorts of clinical/pathologic syndromes can occur after infection with HBV?">HBV can produce:
# acute hepatitis,
# chronic nonprogressive hepatitis,
# progressive chronic disease ending in cirrhosis,
# fulminant hepatitis with massive liver necrosis, and
# an asymptomatic carrier state with or without progressive disease.</spoiler>
* <spoiler text="What is the association between HBV and hepatocellular carcinoma?">There is a strong association between HBV infection and the occurrence of liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). In Taiwan, HBV infected people have a greater than 200-fold increased risk of developing liver cancer as compared with uninfected individuals. However, the precise role of HBV in the causation of human liver cancer is not clear.</spoiler>
* <spoiler text="What are the characteristics of the hepatitis B 'carrier state'?">With hepatotropic viruses, there are those who:
# harbor one of the viruses but suffer little or no adverse effects (a "healthy" carrier) and those who
# have chronic disease but are essentially free of symptoms or disability.
Both constitute reservoirs of infection. HBV infection early in life, particularly via vertical transmission during childbirth, produces a carrier state 90 to 95% of the time. In contrast, only 1 to 10% of adult infections yield a carrier state. Individuals with impaired immunity are more likely to become carriers.</spoiler>
{{IPLab 8}}
[[Category: IPLab:Lab 8]]