IPLab:Lab 3:Acute Appendicitis

Clinical Summary

This 11-year-old male was admitted to the hospital with a complaint of 8 hours of severe pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Additional features on admission included a temperature of 101° F and a leukocytosis of 21,200 cells/mm³ with a shift to the left. An exploratory laparotomy revealed an inflamed appendix, retrocecal in location, which was adherent to the wall of the colon.

Autopsy Findings

The serosal surface of the appendix was covered with friable granular material. The lumen was dilated and contained a purulent exudate as well as a fecalith. The wall measured up to 0.4 cm in thickness.

Images

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  This is a gross photograph of the appendix which was removed from this patient with acute appendicitis. Note the rough, shaggy material (arrows) on the surface due to deposition of fibrin and inflammatory cells.

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  This is a low-power photomicrograph of a normal appendix on the right and an appendix with acute inflammatory response on the left. Note the abundant blue-stained lymphoid tissue beneath the mucosal layer and the absence of blue-staining cells in the submucosal layer of the normal appendix. Compare this with the extensive distribution of cells throughout the wall of the appendix with acute appendicitis. The blue color is due to the presence of many inflammatory cells, although at this low power these individual cells cannot be specifically identified.

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  This is a photomicrograph showing the serosal surface of the appendix with the layer of fibrinopurulent exudate noted in the gross photo (1). The muscularis (M) and the submucosa (S) also have a robust inflammatory cell infiltrate.

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  This photomicrograph of the lumen shows the mucosal surface with a small area of normal mucosal epithelium (arrow). This area is surrounded by the ulcerated mucosa with inflammatory infiltrates comprising primarily neutrophils with a few lymphocytes and macrophages.

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  TThis higher-power photomicrograph of the mucosal surface shows the loss of normal mucosal epithelium (arrows) and the inflammatory infiltrate. The principal inflammatory cell in this case of acute appendicitis is the neutrophil.

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  This is a gross photograph of the open abdominal cavity of a patient with acute appendicitis. In this patient, there had been rupture of the appendix with spillage of intestinal contents into the abdominal cavity. This spillage resulted in an acute abdomen with widespread inflammation throughout the abdominal cavity. Note the roughened surface of the mesenteric tissue (arrow) due to deposition of fibrin over much of the surface.

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  This is a gross photograph of another example of peritonitis. Again note the fibrinosuppurative exudate covering the abdominal organs (arrows).

Study Questions

• What is the difference between an exudate and a transudate?

A transudate has a specific gravity of less than 1.012, a low protein content, and few if any cells.

An exudate has a specific gravity of greater than 1.020, a high protein content, and usually contains leukocytes.

• What is the friable, granular, grayish-red material present on the surface of the appendix in this case and where did it come from?

Fibrinopurulent exudate. Acute inflammation causes increased vascular permeability which leads to formation of protein rich exudate (fibrinous exudate). Leukocytes are also recruited to the area (purulent exudate).

• What are some of the chemoattractants that are involved in recruiting inflammatory cells to this appendix?

Exogenous leukocyte attractants: bacterial products.

Endogenous leukocyte attractants: primarily consist of complement C5a, leukotriene B4, and cytokines -- especially IL-8.

• Which molecules are responsible for causing pain and fever?

Fever: IL-1, IL-6, TNF, prostaglandins.

Pain: prostaglandins and bradykinins.

Additional Resources

Reference

• eMedicine Medical Library: Appendicitis
• Merck Manual: Introduction to Acute Abdomen and Surgical Gastroenterology
• Merck Manual: Appendicitis

Journal Articles

• Helmer KS, Robinson EK, Lally KP, Vasquez JC, Kwong KL, Liu TH, Mercer DW. Standardized patient care guidelines reduce infectious morbidity in appendectomy patients. Am J Surg 2002 Jun;183(6):608-13.

Images

• PEIR Digital Library: Appendix Images
• WebPath: Colon and Appendix