Glossary: Difference between revisions - Pathology Education Instructional Resource

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Line 1:

;Myocardial infarction

;myocardial infarction

~~;Myocardial infarction~~

:Myocardial infarction is necrosis of myocardial tissue which occurs as a result of a deprivation of blood supply, and thus oxygen, to the heart tissue. Blockage of blood supply to the myocardium is caused by occlusion of a coronary artery.

;675 grams

;weighing 675 grams

;530 grams

;The heart weighed 530 grams

;410 grams

;The patient's heart weighed 410 grams

:A normal heart weighs 300 grams (range: 270 to 360 grams).

Line 22:

;15,300

;13,000

;5000 cells/~~cmm~~

;5000 cells/mm³

;13,500 cells/~~cmm~~

;13,500 cells/mm³

;15,256 cells/mm³

:A normal white blood cell count is 4000-11,000 cells/mm³.

Line 126:

:A normal heart weighs 300 grams (range: 270 to 360 grams).

;34,000 cells/~~cmm~~

;34,000 cells/mm³

;21,200 cells/mm³

:A normal white blood cell count is 4,000 to 11,000 cells per cubic mm.

Line 155:

:Jaundice (or icterus) is a state of hyperbilirubinemia (increased bilirubin in the blood) in which bile pigment is deposited in the skin, mucous membranes, and scleras. This deposition of bile pigment results in a yellow appearance.

;41,000 cells/~~cmm~~

;41,000 cells/mm³

:A normal white blood cell count is 4,000 to 11,000 cells per cubic mm.

Line 285:

:A normal heart weighs 300 grams (range: 270 to 360 grams).

;2700 grams

;2600 grams

;1880 grams

Line 328:

Line 329:

; platelet count 58,000

:The normal platelet count is 150,000 to 400,000/~~cmm~~.

:The normal platelet count is 150,000 to 400,000/mm³.

;aseptic necrosis

Line 362:

Line 363:

:A hematocrit value represents the number of packed red cells in mL per 100 mL of centrifuged whole blood--expressed as a percentage.

;21%

;hematocrit was 21%

:A normal hematocrit for a female is 34 to 44%.

:A hematocrit value represents the number of packed red cells in mL per 100 mL of centrifuged whole blood--expressed as a percentage. A normal hematocrit for a female is 34 to 44%.

;7.0 mcg/dL

Line 417:

Line 418:

:EMD is a condition in which the heart's electrical rhythm continues despite the mechanical failure of the myocardium.

;1330 grams

;1875 grams

:A normal pair of lungs weighs 825 grams (range: 685 to 1050 grams).

Line 423:

Line 425:

:Hypertension which has caused end-organ damage is termed malignant. Without proper treatment, these patients will usually die in less than 2 years. Blood pressures in patients with malignant hypertension are frequently 160/110 mm Hg or greater.

;54%

;PCV was 54%

;17%

;dropped to 17%

;18%

;packed red blood cell volume (PCV) was 18%

;27%

;hematocrit (PCV) of 27%

:A normal hematocrit for a male is 39 to 49%.

Line 457:

Line 459:

;tonic-clonic seizure

;tonic-clonic seizures

:A tonic-clonic seizure involves loss of consciousness followed by tonic, then clonic, convulsions.

;22 cells/~~cmm~~

;22 cells/mm³

:A normal number of cells in CSF is <4 lymphocytes per ~~cmm~~.

:A normal number of cells in CSF is <4 lymphocytes per mm³.

;88 grams/L

Line 468:

Line 471:

:A normal CSF glucose level should be approximately 70% of the patient's serum glucose level.

;4.30 PMNs/~~cmm~~

;4.30 PMNs/mm³

:Normally, there should be no PMNs in a patient's spinal fluid.

Line 480:

Line 483:

:Epistaxis is bleeding from the nose.

;5%

;12% eosinophilia

:A normal eosinophil count is less than 5%.

Line 537:

Line 540:

:A normal platelet count is 150,000 to 400,000/ml.

;40

;greater than 40

:In a normal patient, fibrin degradation products should be less than 10 mcg/dL.

Line 555:

Line 558:

:Parametrectomy is the surgical removal of supporting tissues that surround the uterus.

147 mg/dL

;147 mg/dL

:A blood alcohol level over 100 mg/dL is considered legally drunk.

Line 645:

Line 648:

;intravenous pyelogram

:~~An IVP uses~~ contrast ~~dye~~ to ~~produce radiographs~~ of the pelvicaliceal system.

:The patient is given an intravenous injection of contrast medium that rapidly enters the urine. Radiographs are then taken to show the passage of the contrast-containing urine through the pelvicaliceal system.

;550-gram

Line 661:

Line 664:

;pneumothorax

:A pneumothorax is an accumulation of gas in the pleural space.

;urinary retention

:"Urinary retention" is the inability to fully empty the bladder during urination.

;dysuria

:"Dysuria" is the experience of pain upon urination.

;cystitis

:"Cystitis" refers to an infection of the urinary bladder.

;Gram-negative sepsis

:Gram-negative sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response caused by the presence of Gram-negative bacteria and their endotoxins in the blood. The microbes usually enter the bloodstream from an area of localized infection. Gram-negative sepsis is the leading cause of septic shock--hence, also known as "endotoxic shock." Septic shock is a syndrome of inflammatory responses which can lead to severe hypotension, multiple organ system failure, and death.

;6.5 x 4.8 x 3.2 cm

:The dimensions of a normal prostate are 3.6 x 2.8 x 1.9 cm. So this prostate is enlarged.

;75 grams

:Normally, a prostate in an 80 year old man should weigh about 40 grams.

;nodular

:Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate--characterized by large discrete prostatic nodules--is a common disorder in men over 50 years of age. The nodules cause the prostate to be enlarged and to have an increased weight. The human prostate is surrounded by a restrictive capsule. These nodules cause increased pressure within the capsule which leads to constriction of the urethra as it passes through the prostate. Urethral constriction leads to retention of urine.

;confined within the prostatic capsule

:Prostate carcinomas spread through the capsule at an early stage, thus these nodules are more likely not to be cancer.

; meningocele

:A meningocele is the herniation of the CSF-filled meningeal sac through a vertebral defect.

;neurogenic bladder

:Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction of the bladder caused by a nervous system lesion.

;renal calculus

:A renal calculus is a "kidney stone."

;nephrolithiasis

:Nephrolithiasis is the presence of a urinary calculus within the kidney.

;hesitancy

:Hesitancy is the inability to begin the stream of urine.

;urgency

:Urgency is the experience of an intense and immediate desire to void.

;Cystoscopy

:Cystoscopy is the direct visual examination of the bladder via a cystoscope.

;diverticula

:A bladder diverticulum is an out-pouching of the bladder wall, usually caused by chronic urethral obstruction.

;prostate-specific antigen

:Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a product of prostate epithelium which is normally emitted in the semen. Normal men have very low levels of PSA circulating in their blood. PSA levels are slightly raised in men who have prostatic hyperplasia but are greatly elevated in men who have prostate cancer (the level increases proportionately to the severity of the cancer). PSA is a useful marker for both localized and metastatic prostate cancer.

;9.7 ng/ml

:A PSA level above 4 ng/ml should lead to suspicion of prostate cancer.

;plasma acid phosphatase

:Plasma acid phosphatase is a useful marker for metastatic prostate cancer but not for localized prostate cancer.

;2 to 4 IU/L

:A normal level should be less than 0.8 IU/L.

;orchiectomy

:An orchiectomy is the surgical removal of a testicle. The growth of a prostatic carcinoma is androgen-dependent. Removal of the testes (hence removal of androgens) can lead to tumor regression--although usually temporary.

;renal failure

:Renal failure is the severe reduction of renal function and often leads to reduced urinary output.

;estrogen therapy

:Since prostatatic carcinomas are androgen-dependent, estrogen therapy helps to reduce output of testosterone thereby slowing tumor progression.

;hydronephrosis

:Hydronephrosis is dilation of the renal pelvis and atrophy of the cortex due to increase pressure from retained urine.

;nephrostomies

:A nephrostomy is the creation of a permanent opening directly into the renal pelvis to allow the drainage of urine.

;hypercalcemia

:Hypercalcemia is the state of having increased levels of calcium in the blood.

;metastatic calcification

:The deposition of calcium in normal tissues as a result of elevations in blood calcium.

;gastritis

:Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach.

;300-500 u/L

:A normal serum amylase level is 30 to 110 u/L.

;pancreatitis

:Chronic inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) is most often caused by alcoholism or biliary tract calculi.

;pneumonia

:In alcoholics, aspiration pneumonia is common--bacteria enter the lung via aspiration of gastric contents.

;necrotizing lobar pneumonia

:Necrotizing lobar pneumonia is a severe acute pneumonia caused by virulent organisms and aspirated of gastric contents.

;cirrhosis

:Cirrhosis is a liver disease characterized by necrosis, fibrosis, loss of normal liver architecture, and hyperplastic nodules.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+;Myocardial infarction
 ;myocardial infarction
-;Myocardial infarction
 :Myocardial infarction is necrosis of myocardial tissue which occurs as a result of a deprivation of blood supply, and thus oxygen, to the heart tissue. Blockage of blood supply to the myocardium is caused by occlusion of a coronary artery.
-;675 grams
+;weighing 675 grams
-;530 grams
+;The heart weighed 530 grams
-;410 grams
+;The patient's heart weighed 410 grams
 :A normal heart weighs 300 grams (range: 270 to 360 grams).
@@ Line 22: / Line 22: @@
 ;15,300
 ;13,000
-;5000 cells/cmm
+;5000 cells/mm³
-;13,500 cells/cmm
+;13,500 cells/mm³
 ;15,256 cells/mm³
 :A normal white blood cell count is 4000-11,000 cells/mm³.
@@ Line 126: / Line 126: @@
 :A normal heart weighs 300 grams (range: 270 to 360 grams).
-;34,000 cells/cmm
+;34,000 cells/mm³
 ;21,200 cells/mm³
 :A normal white blood cell count is 4,000 to 11,000 cells per cubic mm.
@@ Line 155: / Line 155: @@
 :Jaundice (or icterus) is a state of hyperbilirubinemia (increased bilirubin in the blood) in which bile pigment is deposited in the skin, mucous membranes, and scleras. This deposition of bile pigment results in a yellow appearance.
-;41,000 cells/cmm
+;41,000 cells/mm³
 :A normal white blood cell count is 4,000 to 11,000 cells per cubic mm.
@@ Line 285: / Line 285: @@
 :A normal heart weighs 300 grams (range: 270 to 360 grams).
+;2700 grams
 ;2600 grams
 ;1880 grams
@@ Line 328: / Line 329: @@
 ; platelet count 58,000
-:The normal platelet count is 150,000 to 400,000/cmm.
+:The normal platelet count is 150,000 to 400,000/mm³.
 ;aseptic necrosis
@@ Line 362: / Line 363: @@
 :A hematocrit value represents the number of packed red cells in mL per 100 mL of centrifuged whole blood--expressed as a percentage.
-;21%
+;hematocrit was 21%
-:A normal hematocrit for a female is 34 to 44%.
+:A hematocrit value represents the number of packed red cells in mL per 100 mL of centrifuged whole blood--expressed as a percentage.  A normal hematocrit for a female is 34 to 44%.
 ;7.0 mcg/dL
@@ Line 417: / Line 418: @@
 :EMD is a condition in which the heart's electrical rhythm continues despite the mechanical failure of the myocardium.
+;1330 grams
 ;1875 grams
 :A normal pair of lungs weighs 825 grams (range: 685 to 1050 grams).
@@ Line 423: / Line 425: @@
 :Hypertension which has caused end-organ damage is termed malignant. Without proper treatment, these patients will usually die in less than 2 years.  Blood pressures in patients with malignant hypertension are frequently 160/110 mm Hg or greater.
-;54%
+;PCV was 54%
-;17%
+;dropped to 17%
-;18%
+;packed red blood cell volume (PCV) was 18%
-;27%
+;hematocrit (PCV) of 27%
 :A normal hematocrit for a male is 39 to 49%.
@@ Line 457: / Line 459: @@
 ;tonic-clonic seizure
+;tonic-clonic seizures
 :A tonic-clonic seizure involves loss of consciousness followed by tonic, then clonic, convulsions.
-;22 cells/cmm
+;22 cells/mm³
-:A normal number of cells in CSF is <4 lymphocytes per cmm.
+:A normal number of cells in CSF is <4 lymphocytes per mm³.
 ;88 grams/L
@@ Line 468: / Line 471: @@
 :A normal CSF glucose level should be approximately 70% of the patient's serum glucose level.
-;4.30 PMNs/cmm
+;4.30 PMNs/mm³
 :Normally, there should be no PMNs in a patient's spinal fluid.
@@ Line 480: / Line 483: @@
 :Epistaxis is bleeding from the nose.
-;5%
+;12% eosinophilia
 :A normal eosinophil count is less than 5%.
@@ Line 537: / Line 540: @@
 :A normal platelet count is 150,000 to 400,000/ml.
-;40
+;greater than 40
 :In a normal patient, fibrin degradation products should be less than 10 mcg/dL.
@@ Line 555: / Line 558: @@
 :Parametrectomy is the surgical removal of supporting tissues that surround the uterus.
-mg/dL
+;147 mg/dL
 :A blood alcohol level over 100 mg/dL is considered legally drunk.
@@ Line 645: / Line 648: @@
 ;intravenous pyelogram
-:An IVP uses contrast dye to produce radiographs of the pelvicaliceal system.
+:The patient is given an intravenous injection of contrast medium that rapidly enters the urine. Radiographs are then taken to show the passage of the contrast-containing urine through the pelvicaliceal system.
 ;550-gram
@@ Line 661: / Line 664: @@
 ;pneumothorax
 :A pneumothorax is an accumulation of gas in the pleural space.
+;urinary retention
+:"Urinary retention" is the inability to fully empty the bladder during urination.
+;dysuria
+:"Dysuria" is the experience of pain upon urination.
+;cystitis
+:"Cystitis" refers to an infection of the urinary bladder.
+;Gram-negative sepsis
+:Gram-negative sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response caused by the presence of Gram-negative bacteria and their endotoxins in the blood. The microbes usually enter the bloodstream from an area of localized infection.  Gram-negative sepsis is the leading cause of septic shock--hence, also known as "endotoxic shock." Septic shock is a syndrome of inflammatory responses which can lead to severe hypotension, multiple organ system failure, and death.
+;6.5 x 4.8 x 3.2 cm
+:The dimensions of a normal prostate are 3.6 x 2.8 x 1.9 cm.  So this prostate is enlarged.
+;75 grams
+:Normally, a prostate in an 80 year old man should weigh about 40 grams.
+;nodular
+:Nodular hyperplasia of the prostate--characterized by large discrete prostatic nodules--is a common disorder in men over 50 years of age. The nodules cause the prostate to be enlarged and to have an increased weight.  The human prostate is surrounded by a restrictive capsule. These nodules cause increased pressure within the capsule which leads to constriction of the urethra as it passes through the prostate. Urethral constriction leads to retention of urine.
+;confined within the prostatic capsule
+:Prostate carcinomas spread through the capsule at an early stage, thus these nodules are more likely not to be cancer.
+; meningocele
+:A meningocele is the herniation of the CSF-filled meningeal sac through a vertebral defect.
+;neurogenic bladder
+:Neurogenic bladder is a dysfunction of the bladder caused by a nervous system lesion.
+;renal calculus
+:A renal calculus is a "kidney stone."
+;nephrolithiasis
+:Nephrolithiasis is the presence of a urinary calculus within the kidney.
+;hesitancy
+:Hesitancy is the inability to begin the stream of urine.
+;urgency
+:Urgency is the experience of an intense and immediate desire to void.
+;Cystoscopy
+:Cystoscopy is the direct visual examination of the bladder via a cystoscope.
+;diverticula
+:A bladder diverticulum is an out-pouching of the bladder wall, usually caused by chronic urethral obstruction.
+;prostate-specific antigen
+:Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a product of prostate epithelium which is normally emitted in the semen. Normal men have very low levels of PSA circulating in their blood. PSA levels are slightly raised in men who have prostatic hyperplasia but are greatly elevated in men who have prostate cancer (the level increases proportionately to the severity of the cancer).  PSA is a useful marker for both localized and metastatic prostate cancer.
+;9.7 ng/ml
+:A PSA level above 4 ng/ml should lead to suspicion of prostate cancer.
+;plasma acid phosphatase
+:Plasma acid phosphatase is a useful marker for metastatic prostate cancer but not for localized prostate cancer.
+;2 to 4 IU/L
+:A normal level should be less than 0.8 IU/L.
+;orchiectomy
+:An orchiectomy is the surgical removal of a testicle.  The growth of a prostatic carcinoma is androgen-dependent. Removal of the testes (hence removal of androgens) can lead to tumor regression--although usually temporary.
+;renal failure
+:Renal failure is the severe reduction of renal function and often leads to reduced urinary output.
+;estrogen therapy
+:Since prostatatic carcinomas are androgen-dependent, estrogen therapy helps to reduce output of testosterone thereby slowing tumor progression.
+;hydronephrosis
+:Hydronephrosis is dilation of the renal pelvis and atrophy of the cortex due to increase pressure from retained urine.
+;nephrostomies
+:A nephrostomy is the creation of a permanent opening directly into the renal pelvis to allow the drainage of urine.
+;hypercalcemia
+:Hypercalcemia is the state of having increased levels of calcium in the blood.
+;metastatic calcification
+:The deposition of calcium in normal tissues as a result of elevations in blood calcium.
+;gastritis
+:Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach.
+;300-500 u/L
+:A normal serum amylase level is 30 to 110 u/L.
+;pancreatitis
+:Chronic inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) is most often caused by alcoholism or biliary tract calculi.
+;pneumonia
+:In alcoholics, aspiration pneumonia is common--bacteria enter the lung via aspiration of gastric contents.
+;necrotizing lobar pneumonia
+:Necrotizing lobar pneumonia is a severe acute pneumonia caused by virulent organisms and aspirated of gastric contents.
+;cirrhosis
+:Cirrhosis is a liver disease characterized by necrosis, fibrosis, loss of normal liver architecture, and hyperplastic nodules.