View source for IPLab:Lab 10:Cryptococcosis

== Clinical Summary ==

This 46-year-old male presented with a complaint of right-sided chest pain of six months duration. Chest x-ray showed a nodular mass in the lower lobe of the right lung. The mass was resected surgically.

The 3.5 x 2.5-cm mass was firm, gray, and gelatinous. The mass proved to be a cryptococcal lesion.

== Images ==
<gallery heights="250px" widths="250px">
File:IPLab10Crypto1.jpg|This is the chest x-ray showing the mass (arrow) in the right lower lobe. 
File:IPLab10Crypto2.jpg|This is a gross photomicrograph of this lung taken at autopsy. Note the areas of emphysema (1) and consolidation (2). 
File:IPLab10Crypto3.jpg|This is another section of this lung showing consolidation (arrows). 
File:IPLab10Crypto4.jpg|This is a low-power photomicrograph of the lung from the lesion seen on x-ray. Note that there is little, if any, inflammatory reaction. 
File:IPLab10Crypto5.jpg|This is a higher-power photomicrograph of the cryptococcal lesion. The air spaces are filled with organisms (arrows). 
File:IPLab10Crypto6.jpg|This is a high-power photomicrograph of the cryptococcal lesion. Some of the organisms have been expelled during processing, but some cryptococcal organisms can be seen (arrows). 
File:IPLab10Crypto7.jpg|This is another high-power photomicrograph of the cryptococcal lesion. In this section, numerous cryptococcal organisms (5-10 mm in diameter) can be seen (arrows). Note that there is very little inflammatory reaction. 
File:IPLab10Crypto8.jpg|Cryptococcal organisms can also be seen in this high-power photomicrograph of the cryptococcal lesion. Some of the organisms have a well-defined halo (arrows) due to the mucopolysaccharide coat which surrounds them. 
File:IPLab10Crypto9.jpg|This higher-power photomicrograph of a cryptococcal organism shows more clearly the nucleus surrounded by the large extracellular capsule (arrows). 
File:IPLab10Crypto10.jpg|This is a low-power photomicrograph of lung section stained with Alcian blue, which stains the acidic glycosaminoglycans making up the coat of the cryptococcal organism. 
File:IPLab10Crypto11.jpg|This is a higher-power photomicrograph of lung section stained with Alcian blue. The mucopolysaccharide capsule shrinks during processing with this stain, thereby producing a shrunken central appearance with the formation of spikes around each organism. 
File:IPLab10Crypto12.jpg|This is a touch prep of fresh lung tissue that was allowed to air dry and then stained to show the mucopolysaccharide capsule around the cryptococcal organisms (arrows). 
</gallery>

== Virtual Microscopy ==
=== H&E ===
<peir-vm>IPLab10Crypto_HE</peir-vm>

=== Mucicarmine ===
<peir-vm>IPLab10Crypto_Muci</peir-vm>

== Study Questions ==
* <spoiler text="How is Cryptococcus neoformans usually transmitted to man?">Cryptococcus neoformans is present in the soil and in bird (particularly pigeon) droppings.

The organism infects humans when it is inhaled.</spoiler>
* <spoiler text="Who is susceptible to infection with C. neoformans?">Normal healthy people can get cryptococcal meningoencephalitis but cryptococcal infections are more common in individuals

(1) who receive high-dose corticosteroids and/or

(2) who have AIDS, leukemia, lymphoma, systemic lupus erythematosus,
Hodgkin’s disease, sarcoidosis, or transplant patients.</spoiler>
* <spoiler text="What virulence factors facilitate infection by C. neoformans?">Three properties of Cryptococcus neoformans are associated with virulence:

(1) the capsular polysaccharide;
(2) resistance to killing by alveolar macrophages; and
(3) production of phenoloxidase an enzyme that consumes host epinephrine in the synthesis of fungal melanin and thus protects the fungi from the epinephrine oxidative system present in the host nervous system.

It is thought that one reason why Cryptococcus neoformans preferentially infects the brain may be because the CSF lacks alternative pathway complement components (present in serum) that bind to the carbohydrate capsule and facilitate phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear cells.</spoiler>

== Additional Resources ==
=== Reference ===
* [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215354-overview eMedicine Medical Library: Cryptococcosis]
* [http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious_diseases/fungi/cryptococcosis.html Merck Manual: Cryptococcosis]

=== Journal Articles ===
* Rooney PJ, Klein BS.  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11906450 Linking fungal morphogenesis with virulence].  ''Cell Microbiol'' 2002 Mar;4(3):127-37.

=== Images ===
* [{{SERVER}}/library/index.php?/tags/2157-cryptococcosis PEIR Digital Library: Cryptococcosis]
* [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/INFEHTML/INFECIDX.html WebPath: Infection]

== Related IPLab Cases ==
* [[IPLab:Lab 5:&alpha;1 Antitrypsin Deficiency|Lab 5: Lung: &alpha;1-Antitrypsin Deficiency]]
* [[IPLab:Lab 12:COPD|Lab 12: Lung: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]

{{IPLab 10}}

[[Category: IPLab:Lab 10]]