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File:IPLab7EsophSCC7.jpg|This is a high-power photomicrograph of the tumor cells that have invaded the adjacent muscle tissue.
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== Study Questions ==
* <spoiler text="Is squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus more common in men or in women?">Men. The male-to-female ratio falls in the range of 2:1 to as high as 20:1.</spoiler>
* <spoiler text="What risk factors predispose to squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus?">* Deficiency of vitamins A, C, riboflavin, thiamine or pyridoxine;
* deficiency of trace metals (zinc or molybdenum);
* fungal contamination of foodstuffs;
* increases in nitrites/nitrates;
* alcohol consumption (hard liquor is worse than beer or wine);
* tobacco use;
* long-standing esophagitis;
* achalasia;
* celiac disease;
* genetic (racial) predisposition.</spoiler>
* <spoiler text="What factors facilitate growth and spread of this tumor?">The rich lymphatic network in the submucosa of the esophagus promotes extensive circumferential and longitudinal spread. Intramural tumor cell clusters are often seen several centimeters away from the main tumor mass. Local extension into adjacent mediastinal structures occurs early and often in this disease and seriously limits the chance of curative resection.</spoiler>
{{IPLab 7}}
[[Category: IPLab:Lab 7]]