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* <spoiler text="What role does smoking play in the development of emphysema in patients with α1-antitrypsin deficiency?">Smoking increases the numbers of neutrophils in the lung and accentuates the release of elastase from these neutrophils. With a deficiency of α1-antitrypsin there is marked tissue damage.</spoiler>
* <spoiler text="Is hepatic cirrhosis common in patients with α1-antitrypsin deficiency and what is the pathogenesis of the cirrhosis?">The abnormal α1-antitrypsin protein accumulates in hepatocytes of all patients with this abnormality but only 8 to 20% develop cirrhosis. The exact mechanism for hepatic cirrhosis in patients with α1-antitrypsin deficiency is not well understood.</spoiler>
== Additional Resources ==
=== Reference ===
* [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/295686-overview eMedicine Medical Library: α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency]
* [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/298283-overview eMedicine Medical Library: Emphysema]
* [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/807143-overview eMedicine Medical Library: COPD and Emphysema]
* [http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary_disorders/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_and_related_disorders/alpha-1_antitrypsin_deficiency.html Merck Manual: α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency]
=== Journal Articles ===
* Perlmutter DH. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11232197 Liver injury in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]. ''Clin Liver Dis'' 2000 May;4(2):387-408, vi.
=== Images ===
* [http://peir.path.uab.edu/library/index.php?/tags/222-emphysema PEIR Digital Library: Emphysema Images]
* [http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/LUNGHTML/LUNGIDX.html#6 WebPath: Emphysema]
== Related IPLab Cases ==
* [[IPLab:Lab 2:Fatty Change and Cirrhosis|Lab 2: Liver: Fatty Change and Cirrhosis]]
* [[IPLab:Lab 10:Cryptococcosis|Lab 10: Lung: Cryptococcosis]]
* [[IPLab:Lab 12:COPD|Lab 12: Lung: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]]
{{IPLab 5}}
[[Category: IPLab:Lab 5]]