:Shortness of breath is a common clinical manifestation of heart failure.

:Pulmonary edema refers to the accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the extravascular spaces of the lungs. There are many causes for pulmonary edema. However, it is common clinical manifestation of left ventricular heart failure. Pressures rise in the left atrium and ventricle to compensate for the failure and this causes increased pressure in the pulmonary vasculature. Incrased pulmonary capillary pressure relative to the plasma oncotic pressure cause fluid to leave the vessels and enter the interstitial spaces of the lung.

:Concentric hypertrophy is seen in pressure-overloaded hearts.

:A normal heart weighs 300 grams (range: 270 to 360 grams).