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File:IPLab2Atrophy9.jpg|The two kidneys in this slide are from the same patient. One kidney (1) is relatively normal, although increased in size due to compensatory hypertrophy. The other kidney (2) is very small with only rudimentary nodules of renal parenchyma. This kidney had never developed and therefore this process represents hypoplasia. How does one differentiate between atrophy and hypoplasia?
File:IPLab2Atrophy10.jpg|This gross photograph shows a normal brain (left) and a brain from a geriatric patient (right). Note the decreased size, the narrowed gyri, and the widened sulci of the brain from this octogenarian. What is the cause of atrophy in this case?
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== Virtual Microscopy ==
=== Testis: Atrophy ===
<peir-vm>IPLab2Atrophy</peir-vm>
===Normal Testis ===
<peir-vm>UAB-Histology-00045</peir-vm>
== Study Questions ==
* <spoiler text="What is PSA and how useful is it as a marker of prostatic cancer?">Prostatic Specific Antigen. PSA can be a useful marker for prostatic cancer; however, PSA levels may be elevated for a number of reasons other than cancer.</spoiler>
* <spoiler text="What is the cause of testicular atrophy in this case?">The cause was HORMONAL.
Prostatic growth is dependent upon testicular androgens. Estrogen therapy leads to inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin and/or ACTH production which causes androgen deprivation. Newer drugs use specific testosterone receptor blocking mechanisms to regress prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer.</spoiler>
* <spoiler text="There appears to be an increase in the number of interstitial cells. Is there such a thing as Leydig cell hyperplasia?">No. The Leydig cells appear more prominent due to the paucity of germ cells.</spoiler>
== Additional Resources ==
=== Reference ===
* [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/prostate/HealthProfessional/page3 National Cancer Institute: Prostate Cancer Treatment]
* [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/457394-overview eMedicine Medical Library: Prostate-Specific Antigen]
* [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1967731-overview eMedicine Medical Library: Prostate Cancer]
* [http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary_disorders/genitourinary_cancer/prostate_cancer.html Merck Manual: Prostate Cancer]
=== Journal Articles ===
* van Leenders GJ, Schalken JA. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11589668 Stem cell differentiation within the human prostate epithelium: implications for prostate carcinogenesis]. ''BJU Int'' 2001 Sep;88 Suppl 2:35-42; discussion 49-50.
{{IPLab 2}}
[[Category: IPLab:Lab 2]]